Adrienne Rich and Nancy Sommers | Comparison

Adrienne Rich and Nancy Sommers | Comparison Adrienne Rich and Nancy Sommers are both women writers, that in When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision and Between the Drafts respectively, are struggling to identify themselves as writers through the revision of their own work. In both texts we can follow their travel in past through which they recognize and analyze all those things that influenced them and formed their writing style. They are both facing the same fear. They do not write as themselves. For different reasons and each with her own perspective they are trying to break free from the bond that holds them in another writers shoes. Though Rich and Sommers are both dealing with the research of their writing self and despite the similarities in their arguments and some of their conclusions their approach differs as issues of identity, gender and tradition arise. Adrienne Rich mainly bases her text on the fact that literature and poetry where created by men, whose perspective of woman became a tradition in writing. She defines revision as the act of looking back, of seeing with fresh eyes, of entering an old text from a new critical direction1. For a writer she claims that this is an act of survival. Literature until recently gave us a view of how life is, how we see ourselves or how we would like others to see us. She recognizes a pattern in the majority of texts and poems. Women are considered a luxury for a man. They are creatures of grace and beauty. Silent, yet powerful a woman is a dream and a terror2 for men, in the words of Jane Harrison. Always distant and with almost never emotional outbreaks the historically image of a woman is that of a muse, model, nurse, cook, comforter, a bearer of his seeds3. Her inevitable fate is to suffer for love. The writer sees herself as a captive of that image. For a very long time she has been writing for women, as a man would. At first, in order to please and seek acceptance from her father, to whom she owed her education, then her professor, her mentor, followed by her fellow writers and the writing community, also male dominated. Similar to Adrienne Rich, Nacny Sommers also finds herself to write in a stereotype way. However she claims her influences came from the way she was brought up and more specifically from her parents. She does not put so much weight on her gender as a writer but she rather identifies the problem as not being able to combine academic and personal writing. Like there is an authority dictating the limits of personal and academic writing which she must not cross. This sense of authority is also something she inherited from her parents. Nancy Sommers came from German Jew Family that escaped Nazi Germany in 1939, moved to the United States where the children were brought up. She mentions examples of her family life, as evidence of parental authority. Her parents, even though they were speaking German fluently, bought tapes that instructed the language to their children, instead of talking to them. A specific ritual was followed for every lesson. The chairs at the same place, strict body posture and the voice of a German professor would for Nancy Sommes parents guarantee the right way to learn. Following the same principle of the right way to do anything her parents used a guide for their travelling, following strictly the instructions given, spending no more or no less time at each venue, making no additional stops. As if they did not have a voice of their own, as if they could not choose for themselves what to do or not to do, or even how to do it. Her parents gave her the world of two options: the right way or the wrong way. So, both our writers are influenced from authority. Rich, on the one hand, from the authority of men writers in a man dominated society, and on the other hand Sommers influenced from parental authority. When Sommer as a parent herself subconsciously embraced that same principle and projected it to her own child, she found out that, contrarily to her, her daughter had a voice of her own. Nancy Sommer had disguised herself and hid behind the title Researcher, reading and revising, exploring the knowledge of other writers. But she kept herself out of her own writing, being absent from her own work. Just like her parents hid behind the tapes and the guides and excluded themselves from their lives, creating and living someone elses experiences, she hid behind the authority of a researcher and used other peoples work to justify her statements. Never once did she use her personal experiences to support her statements. Another similarity between Rich and Sommers lies within their position on the role of the writer in respect to tradition. Rich is facing artistic tradition, of the way writers write about women, their image and how she as writer is able to cop with all her roles: that of a traditional female and of a writer. As a wife and a mother Rich found it hard to find free time, to think, to question, to imagine; free time that traditionally women never have as they are mainly loaded with the duties of raising children and caring for the family. But following the traditional way of performing female duties is in direct conflict with the main element of writing: imagination. Daily duties, put aside any imaginative activity, that can be put in words. Adrienne Rich felt the conflict between these two roles. She thought herself as a writer or as a mother. The choice of either and or was later replace by and. She sought ways to embrace both parts of her life, the creative one and the maternal one. Likewise Sommers faces again tradition, yet of another kind. Academic tradition is full with either/or sentences: the students are either taught to write academic or personal essays. This tradition seems to create a certainty, an illusion of control to the academic community. Everyone knows their exact role and what they are supposed to do. But Nancy Sommers identifies the fact that students carry their own experiences, their own voices and if encouraged they could use these experiences as evidence to support their own statements, thus creating a new reflective way of writing. In both texts, tradition is questioned, whether artistic or academic as a result of a revision, a deeper look in ones writing, from a different perspective, with a fresh eye. Both writers emphasize the importance of breaking the tradition, that narrows the imagination and this might be their most important common statement. Even though they are both objecting to different kind of tradition they both have the same objective, to help writers, including them, to write for themselves, to use their own experiences and voice, to write from their point of view, breaking every stereotype of either artistic or academic writing. Rich and Sommers mention incidents of their personal and family lives. It is interesting how these specific events reflect the obedience of authority they inherited from their close environment. They follow traditional models, artistic and academic, that forces boundaries to their imagination and self expression. Rich show us how the traditional female model kept her captive in just one role, that of a mother and eliminated her fantasy, thus her writing. Sommers from the other side illustrates how her parentss sense of authority influenced her own perception of authority, this time the academic one, upon her writing. Even though both writers are of female gender their arguments and conclusions also apply to non female writers. They are both looking for way to express purely themselves in their own writing, creating their own images, with no influence of tradition artistic or academic. Using a female point of view, they have managed to reach a problematic area for all writers. Both male and female writers should be able to speak for themselves and use their imagination, freely creating texts and statements which are supported with their own experiences. As mentioned before, both writers notice that there is something missing from their writing. And that something is their own voice, their own point of view. Trapped in the tradition they learned to obey they do not use their own experiences and images in their work. Their similarity lies upon the fact that they were both raised under the influence of tradition. Even though they have a different point of view when revising their work, they come to the same conclusion mainly because the source of their conservatism is the same: obedience to authority. According to Rich, the role of a writer is to create images through words. These images influence other writers and especially women, as they seek their path reading poetry and literature, trying to find ways of expression, looking for examples. And in this effort they come across again and again with the image of Woman in books written by men. But what they do not find is a way to express their own personality in their text, rather than reflect and reproduce a flattering or not image created by another writer. I find it easy to agree with Richs statement. I have often read literature and identified myself with the woman hero of the book. I found my self to be flattered with similarities of character. Of course, in every attempt to write about my self, or to tell a story, I tend to reflect the same image of the woman I read about in my own writing. It is not that I have nothing to say for myself, rather than I find that image charming and want others to see me in this way. Still like Sommers, I am absent from most of my texts. Certainly influenced by my female gender, I tend to have a more romantic and soft approach in my writing. My class and culture are also reflected in my texts as a have no experience from anything different and thus I can not write about it. However the presence of my own experiences is limited in my writing. Mainly because I think of myself as insecure and that I do not have a strong enough statement to make. Another reason is that I find it easier, and I believe I am not the only one to do so, to talk about others than talk about myself. Talking about oneself requires painful digging to reach to self awareness. Of course the fear of revealing personal experiences to others plays its part as well, as again I do not intend to mess my traditional female image, with outbursts of anger, anxiety, passion, and obsession. Adrienne Rich: When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision, p.18 J.G. Steward, Jane Ellen Harrison: A Portrait from Letters (London 1959), p. 140 Adrienne Rich: When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision, p.19

Case Study of the Spanish Retail Chain Zara

The Spanish retail chain, Zara, owned by Inditex is a retailer that has been so successful in our world of globalization and new technologies today by simply adopting a new approach in the industry. With their simple business model of speed, flexibility, and high fashion, Zara has the competitive advantage to be sustainable. Zara was founded by Amancio Ortega Gaona (Ortega), in 1975 and went on to become the flagship brand of the holding company, Industria de Diseno Textil, SA, popularly called Inditex, which was founded in 1979. As of 2002, Inditex operated six separate chains, that being, Zara, Massimo Dutti, Pull & Bear, Bershka, Stradivarius, and Oysho. However, each chain operates independently and is responsible for its own strategy, product design, sourcing and manufacturing, distribution, image, personnel, and financial results. Zara, which contributes around 80 per cent of group sales (Grant 2005, p. 398), is by far the largest, most profitable, and most internationalized of the chains. Its stores can now be found in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. With year-on-year sales increasing at around 25% over the last 5 years, it has become one of the world’s fastest growing retailers (University of Cambridge Institute for Manufacturing). Discussion The global apparel market is a consumer-driven industry (Criag, Jones & Nieto, 2004) in which profits derived from â€Å"unique combinations of high-value research, design, sales, marketing, and financial services that allow retailers, branded marketers, and branded manufacturers to act as strategic brokers in linking overseas factories†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ with markets (Collins 2003, p. 44). Zara's business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara's fundamental concept is to maintain design, production, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands and tastes. The main business tactics of the company in context of its business model is:- (i) Short lead time: More fashionable clothes and embracing quick changing customer's tastes. (ii) Decentralized Management: Taking advantage of the intelligence and trust the judgment of employees. (iii) Lower quantities: Inventory will be formidable burden in perishable products. (iv) More styles: Providing more choices for customers and more chances of meeting the customers taste. At the heart of Zara's success is a vertically integrated business model spanning design, just-in-time production, marketing and sales. The distinctive vertical integration feature of Zara’s business model, has allowed the company to successfully develop a strong merchandising strategy. This strategy has led Zara to create a climate of scarcity and opportunity as well as a fast-fashion system. Currently, H&M is Inditex’s major competitor. Swedish retailer H&M has been growing at an average rate of 20% annually in the past two decades. These two European retailers are known for their ‘fast fashion’ had unique business models and growth strategies which have enabled them to expand quickly and successfully beyond their own borders. With the European markets becoming saturated, Both companies are expanding outside Europe and establish their hegemony in the world market. Yet what is it that distinguishes Zara from H&M and its other competitors? In its process of expanding globally, Zara, unlike its competitors such as Gap, Benetton, and H&M, does not use cheap Asian outsourcing. Eighty percent of Zara’s materials are manufactured in Europe, with fifty percent made in Zara controlled facilities in the Galicia region of Spain near headquarters. Though the cost of production in Spain more expensive compared to Asia, Zara still manages to maintain competitive advantage over its competitors in regards to operations. Zara maintains local strategic partnerships with manufacturers and suppliers in Europe and this proximity gives Zara great flexibility in adapting their product lines based on up to date market trends and consumer behaviour while decreasing costs of holding inventory. This proximity effect and the flexibility give Zara its competitive edge in comparison to their peers. However, the business strategies adopted by Zara, does have its setbacks to Zara’s success. The vertical integration concept often leads to the inability to acquire economies of scale, which means Zara cannot gain the advantages of producing large quantities of goods for a discounted rate which leads to higher costs being incurred as they have to set a higher pricing of Zara products outside of Europe in order to cover supply costs. Zara has not invested in distribution facilities to support their global expansion. As a result, despite being able to quickly supply their stores at present, they may not be able to supply to a larger number of retail locations due to their â€Å"centralized logistic† model. Even though Zara has been successful at scaling up its distribution system, the centralized logistics system might eventually be subject to diseconomies of scale as Zara continues to open stores all around the world and ships product from its single Distribution Center in Europe. This system may work well with the current number of stores because majority of the stores are centralised in Europe. However, Zara won’t be benefiting from short lead times and low operational cost with a single central Distribution Center model in terms of globalisation and branching out into other countries. Conclusion To successfully expand globally, Zara should focus on one country at a time. Our team concludes that Zara’s current focus should be international expansion in a country that has an open trade market with well formed trade regulations as this provides a safer business environment. During the globalization process, Zara should maintain short lead time, quick inventory turnover, leading fashion brand and low advertising cost as its competitive advantage. As a result of their product cycle, Zara gives their customers the feeling of scarcity because new items are presented weekly and are often not restocked, and this encourages customers to come to the stores and buy frequently. As such, Zara invests more in their store layouts as compared to marketing. Their cost advantage and ability to maintain brand recognition and customer loyalty along with other factors such as regional distribution center, vertical integration, outsourcing and eye-catching window displays are essential elements for Zara to build value in the company and to continue to re-invent and innovate themselves to stay fresh in the apparel industry.

Green Marketing Strategy of Businesses

Green marketing has been an important academic research topic since it came about (Coddington, 1993; Fuller, 1999; Ottman, 1994). Attention was drawn to the subject in the late 1970’s when the American Marketing Association organized the first ever workshop on ‘Ecological Marketing’ in 1975 which resulted in the first book on the subject, entitled, ‘Ecological Marketing’ by Henion and Kinnear in 1976. The first definition of ‘green marketing’ was according to Henion (1976); â€Å"the implementation of marketing programs directed at the environmentally conscious market segment† (Banerjee, 1999, p. 8). Peattie and Crane (2005) claims that despite the early development, it was only in the late 1980’s that the idea of green marketing actually made an appearance, because of the consumers’ growing interest in green products, increased awareness and willingness to pay for green features. Henion’s (1976) definition of green marketing has evolving and many more definitions of green marketing have arisen throughout the years. One of the latter definitions is Fuller’s (1999, p. ): The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the development, pricing, promotion, and distribution of products in a manner that satisfies the following three criteria: (1) customer needs are met, (2) organizational goals are attained, and (3) the process is compatible with ecosystems. The first indication of consumer interest in green products came through Vandermerwe and Oliff? s (1990) survey. This stated that more than 92% of European multinationals claimed to have changed their products in response to green concerns and 85% claimed to have changed their product systems (Peattie & Crane, 2005). Green product introductions increased by more than double to 11. 4% of all new household products in the USA between 1989 and 1990, and continued to rise to 13. 4% in 1991 (ibid. ). However, this optimistic start to the 1990’s was not sustained (Peattie & Crane, 2005. A report conducted by Mintel in 1995, showed only a very slight increase in green consumers since 1990, and showed a significant gap between concern and actual purchasing (ibid. ). This can be attributed to the fact that consumers do not want to compromise on price, quality or convenience when conducting a ‘green’ purchase (D?  Souza et al. , 2006). The frequency and prominence of green claims was also found to be in decline (Peattie & Crane, 2005). So instead of the â€Å"green revolution† in marketing forecasted for the 1990s, companies became more cautious about launching environmentally-based communications campaigns for fear of being accused of â€Å"greenwashing† (ibid). This is when a company hides the true effect of its products or actions on the environment, by making it seem as though the company is very concerned about the environment (Greenwashing, 2009). One challenge green marketers — old and new — are likely to face as green products and messages become more common is confusion in the marketplace. â€Å"Consumers do not really understand a lot about these issues, and there's a lot of confusion out there,† says Jacquelyn Ottman (founder of J. Ottman Consulting and author of â€Å"Green Marketing: Opportunity for Innovation†). Marketers sometimes take advantage of this confusion, and purposely make false or exaggerated â€Å"green† claims. Critics refer to this practice as â€Å"green washing†. Even though this revolution did not occur as predicted, the interest in the topic has not died down. Grant (2007, pp. 20-24) claims that green marketing is at a tipping point and that what we do next will decide if the topic continues to develop and gain momentum. The popularity of such marketing approach and its effectiveness is hotly debated. Supporters claim that environmental appeals are actually growing in number–the Energy Star label, for example, now appears on 11,000 different companies' models in 38 product categories, from washing machines and light bulbs to skyscrapers and homes. However, despite the growth in the number of green products, green marketing is on the decline as the primary sales pitch for products. On the other hand, Roper’s Green Gauge shows that a high percentage of consumers (42%) feel that environmental products don’t work as well as conventional ones. This is an unfortunate legacy from the 1970’s when showerheads sputtered and natural detergents left clothes dingy. Given the choice, all but the greenest of customers will reach for synthetic detergents over the premium-priced, proverbial â€Å"Happy Planet† any day, including Earth Day. New reports however show a growing trend towards green products.   This provides information regarding the setting of the study and/or general information about preview of the topic. The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The American Marketing Association (AMA) held the first workshop on â€Å"Ecological Marketing† in 1975. The proceedings of this workshop resulted in one of the first books on green marketing entitled â€Å"Ecological Marketing†. The first wave of Green Marketing occurred in the 1980s. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reports started with the ice cream seller Ben & Jerry's where the financial report was supplemented by a greater view on the company's environmental impact. In 1987 a document prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as meeting â€Å"the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need†, this became known as the Brundtland Report and was another step towards widespread thinking on sustainability in everyday activity. Two tangible milestones for wave 1 of green marketing came in the form of published books, both of which were called Green Marketing. They were by Ken Peattie (1992) in the United Kingdom and by Jacquelyn Ottman (1993) in the United States of America. According to Jacquelyn Ottman, (author of Green Marketing: Opportunity for Innovation) from an organizational standpoint, environmental considerations should be integrated into all aspects of marketing— new product development and communications and all points in between. The holistichttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Holistic nature of green also suggests that besides suppliers and retailers new stakeholders be enlisted, including educators, members of the community, regulators, and NGOs. Environmental issues should be balanced with primary customer needs. The past decade has shown that harnessing consumer power to effect positive environmental change is far easier said than done. The so-called â€Å"green consumer† movements in the U. S. and other countries have struggled to reach critical mass and to remain in the forefront of shoppers' minds. While public opinion polls taken since the late 1980s have shown consistently that a significant percentage of consumers in the U. S. and elsewhere profess a strong willingness to favor environmentally conscious products and companies, consumers' efforts to do so in real life have remained sketchy at best. One of green marketing's challenges is the lack of standards or public consensus about what constitutes â€Å"green,† according to Joel Makower, a writer on green marketing. In essence, there is no definition of â€Å"how good is good enough† when it comes to a product or company making green marketing claims. This lack of consensus—by consumers, marketers, activists, regulators, and influential people—has slowed the growth of green products, says Makower, because companies are often reluctant to promote their green attributes, and consumers are often skeptical about claims. Despite these challenges, green marketing has continued to gain adherents, particularly in light of growing global concern about climate change. This concern has led more companies to advertise their commitment to reduce their climate impacts, and the effect this is having on their products and services. This provides the concise description of the issues that need to be addressed. It also provide why these variables are important so it focus on it. The ongoing marketing paradigm, according to Peattie (1999, p. 57), is based on using the earth’s resources and systems in an unsustainable manner. The traditional view on corporate social responsibility, which argues that corporation manager’s and director’s only responsibilities are to the â€Å"owners† of the firm and to maximize profit, started changing in the early nineties to include a responsibility not only to those with a vested interest in the corporation (Klonoski, 1991). Instead a company must consider the effect of its actions on all stakeholders, including nature and animals (ibid. ). Many of the serious environmental issues we face are due to modern development and the pursuit of econoy Peattie, 1999, p. 58). However, making these crucial changes occur requires more than individual change; change on a societal and economic level will be necessary (Grant, 2007, p. 47; Hartmann & Ibanez, 2006). Hence, governments will need to commit to developing forward thinking environmental policies (Peattie, 1999; Grant, 2008). Corporations must integrate greening into their business strategy and invest in the development of it as they would any other aspect of their business (Polonski & Rosenberger, 2001). Finally, the consumers have to actually purchase the environmentally friendly products they, so far, only claim to be interested in (Ginsberg & Bloom, 2004). In the end though, going green needs to make business sense for the corporation and not require a compromise on product attributes for the consumer. Marketers have a tremendous potential to help make this shift happen by pushing organizations to implement some form of a green marketing strategy (Peattie & Crane, 2005; Grant, 2007, p. 32). Marketers have the power to help „sell? new lifestyle ideas (Grant, 2007, p. 1) According to Ottman (1993) green marketing serves two key objectives: 1) To develop products that incorporate consumers? eeds for convenience, affordable pricing and performance while having a minimal impact on the environment. 2) To project an image of high quality, including environmental aspects, both in regards to product attributes and the manufacturer’s track record for environmental compliance. If a paradigm shift from conventional to green marketing occurs, corporations will need to incorporate sustainability into their strategies or risk being left behind (Grant, 2008). It will be important for organizations and marketers to be well-versed on the subject and have a thorough understanding of green marketing and how it can create value. Since the mid-nineties environmental legislation has increased, leading to a higher level of awareness of environmental issues in the business community and many corporations being required to consider these issues in their strategic planning in order to meet stricter environmental standards (Banerjee, 1999, p. 18; Olson, 2008). Regardless of legislation and standards many people are calling for corporations in general to take more responsibility for their actions and the consequences thereof. Green marketing concept is fairly young and as a consequence it has not been extensively explored or research yet (Grant, 2007, p. ; Hartmann & Ibanez, 2006; Baker & Sinkula, 2005). Olson (2008) claims that while many corporations have implemented some form of green initiative, very few have actually established an enterprise-level green strategy. He furthers states that, while it may vary depending on industry and possibly by individual business, early adoption of a formalized and well-articulated green strategy can allow companies the opportunity of a competitive advantage. Considering Olson’s statement, one wonders how corporations, that have indeed incorporated some form of green thinking into the business, have done so and for what reasons. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the subject of strategic green marketing by examining how strategic green marketing can be developed and what incentives companies have to do so. In order to fulfill this purpose, four research questions were developed. One objective of a marketing strategy is to optimize the marketing mix in relation to the wants and needs of the target market (Fuller, 1999, p. 330). Data from the targeted business consumers can provide valuable input for the decision making process (ibid. . 320). Fuller (1999, p. 330) further states that mass-undifferentiated marketing will often fail to ensure customer satisfaction and profit and that segmenting the market provides a more realistic market interpretation. The first research question is therefore: RQ1: How do companies segment their market based on business consumers’ green tendencies? Polonsky and Rosenberger (2001, p. 22) claim that â€Å"in true green marketing, environmental issues become an overriding strategic corporate focus rather than simply one strategic action†. When forming a green marketing strategy it is important to realize that, just as in conventional marketing, there is no single strategy that will work for all companies (Ginsberg & Bloom, 2004; Fuller, 1999, p. 330). Instead each company must examine what strategy will work best depending on its own individual objectives, resources, target market, competitive conditions and so on (Polonsky & Rosenberger, 2001). According to Olson (2008), many companies pass up significant benefits because they do not look at green opportunities in a strategic context. This brings us to research question two: RQ2: How do companies choose their green marketing strategy? Implementing a green marketing strategy requires a fundamental, holistic, integrated approach across all functional marketing areas, including the entire marketing mix of targeting, pricing, design, positioning and promotion (Polonsky & Rosenberger, 2001). According to Fuller (1999, p. 109), only companies that are truly committed to environmental concerns and are willing to translate those concerns into action through marketing mix decisions can develop viable green marketing strategies. Due to these facts, research question three was developed: RQ3: How do companies’ choices of green marketing strategy influence their marketing mix? Authors such as Porter and van der Linde (1995) and Elkington (1994) argue that environmentally superior strategies exist, which can create a competitive advantage by stimulating innovation and tapping into consumer concerns. Fuller (1999, p. 39) states that worldwide corporate practices suggest that a competitive advantage can indeed be earned and companies not implementing a green marketing strategy will be viewed as uncompetitive, unresponsive, and out of touch with emerging global markets. However, others argue that greening strategy is difficult to do in practice (Walley & Whitehead, 1994). Managers need strategies that transform environmental investments into sources of competitive advantage by optimizing the economic return on their investments (Orsato, 2006). This lead to the fourth, and final, research question: RQ4: How do companies obtain a competitive advantage through their green marketing? The obvious assumption of green marketing is that potential consumers will view product or service's â€Å"greenness† as a benefit and base their buying decision accordingly. The not-so-obvious assumption of green marketing is that consumers will be willing to pay more for green products than they would for a less-green comparable alternative product – an assumption that, in my opinion, has not been proven conclusively. This green marketing approach is largely used as a gimmick by the gigantic corporate houses in order to make a difference in the consumer’s point of view when it comes to major market decisions. Many firms are beginning to realize that they are members of the wider community and therefore must behave in an environmentally responsible fashion. So green marketing is also a way of looking at how marketing activities can make the best use of these limited resources while meeting corporate objectives. Thus an environmental committed organization may not only produce goods that have reduced their detrimental impact on the environment, they may also be able to pressure their suppliers to behave in a more environmentally â€Å"responsible† fashion. Final consumers and industrial buyers also have the ability to pressure organizations to integrate the environment into their corporate culture and thus ensure all organizations minimize the detrimental environmental impact of their activities. With the human wants escalating heavily, the resources are decreasing. Hence it has become mandatory for the marketers across the globe to use the resources efficiently and not waste them under any circumstances. Worldwide surveys indicate that consumers globally are changing their behavior towards products and services. Green marketing is almost inevitable as the market for socially responsible products is increasing greatly. This provides what the study covers and fix its boundaries. Limitations specify certain constraints in the study which are essential, but which the researcher has no control of. Although the business-to-consumer (B2C) segment is a major contributor to the damage of the global environment and that a significant change in attitude is necessary, this thesis will only focus on the business-to-business (B2B) segment. The study is not limited to one industry but is examining a range of B2B firms with the purpose of gaining a deeper understanding of green marketing strategies in an overall business context. Most research conducted on the topic of green marketing is focused on the B2C market and the author’s consider there to be a significant lack of knowledge available when it comes to the B2B market. Furthermore, the authors? were intrigued by the apparent opportunities available to companies choosing to go green.

The Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty - 1331 Words

The death penalty has always been an issue or debate in the United States, typically being asked if it should be illegal or not. As of right now there are thirty-one states, including Ohio in which I live, that still use the death penalty as it is illegal in the rest. There are many supporters of it, there is also a huge amount of opposition. There are things included in both sides that can make the argument harder to be one-sided but I believe that the death penalty should be legal throughout the entire nation. Not only does it create deterrence, it also creates morality and retribution. Although that I agree there are some arguments that the opposing side can make, the pros outweigh the cons. As I stated before it’s a form of†¦show more content†¦Also, retribution is carried out justly in the death penalty. If you think about it, shouldn’t people who have committed crimes such as murder have to pay the price that is considered equivalent to the pain they caus ed? Retribution provides justice. Families who have lost members due to murder don’t get the peace and justice they deserve if the one who committed the crime doesn’t pay the equivalent price. Committing a crime disrupts the way society is ordered. Lives, peace, and liberties are all taken away from society when these crimes happen. A way to reestablish order in society is to give the death penalty. The death penalty isn’t an act of revenge and it is not motivated by spite. The definition of retribution literally says it all, â€Å"retribution is a state sponsored, rational response to criminality that is justified given that the state is the victim when a crime occurs† (â€Å"Justifications for Capital Punishment). I believe that the need for justice is important and you’re not going to get any justice just by throwing someone in prison for life or so that’s what I believe. People who oppose the death penalty tend to use the concept that i t is â€Å"immoral† for the government to take a human life but this argument debunked by Immanuel Kant who gave the idea that, â€Å"a society that is not willing to demand a life of somebody who has taken somebody else’s life is simply immoral† (Is The Death Penalty Immoral? - Death Penalty - Procon.Org). It is believed that it isShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of The Death Penalty789 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty The death penalty has been a debated topic for decades. Many people believe that it serves justice to the person being executed, while others think that it does no good for either party. However, I believe the three most outstanding topics surround the death penalty are the cost of death vs. life in prison, attorney quality, and irrevocable mistakes. The first topic surrounding the death penalty is the cost of death vs. life in prison. This is a bigRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros and Cons1636 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging areRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros Cons2512 Words   |  11 PagesTop 10 Pros and Cons Should the death penalty be allowed? The PRO and CON statements below give a five minute introduction to the death penalty debate. (Read more information about our one star to five star Theoretical Credibility System) 1. Morality 2. Constitutionality 3. Deterrence 4. Retribution 5. Irrevocable Mistakes 6. Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison 7. Race 8. Income Level 9. Attorney Quality 10. Physicians at Execution PRO Death Penalty CON Death Penalty 1. Morality PRO:Read MoreDeath Penalty Pros And Cons1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty. What laws have the Supreme Court recognized that warrant the death penalty as being cruel and unusual punishment. What are the pros and cons of the death penalty, death penalty vs. life incarceration from a financial standpoint, the death penalty is it a deterrent where crime is concerned, states that have the death penalty, the state with the highest number of death row inmates the state with the lowest, mentally ill and mental retardation, juveniles, women and the death penaltyRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Death Penalty (DP), being also known as capital punishment, capital offence and corporal punishment, is a sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal (1); this essay will use all the terms interchangeably. The DP breaches two fundamental human rights, namely the right to life and the right to live free from torture; both rights are protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations in 1948, which contains a list of each human rightsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution to someone who legally by court of law convicted a capital crime. In the United States of America this is mainly used for aggravated murder. Additionally this means that the murder has circumstances that are severe. For instance it was planned murder, intentionally killed below the age of 13, killed someone while serving term in prison, killed a law officer, and killed someone or ill egally terminated a person’s pregnancy while in the process of committingRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1348 Words   |  6 Pagesmost shocking, the death penalty. The death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, was first introduced in the form of hanging hundreds of years ago when America was first established. Now, the most common way of execution proves to be death by lethal injection. For hundreds of years, people have argued over whether or not the general idea of capital punishment stands morally correct. Many have also debated if anyone holds the right to end another’s life. The death penalty, morally wrong andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty844 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty takes the saying of â€Å"An eye for an eye† to a whole new level. From a very young age, everyone has been taught the undeniable truth that murder is wrong. So what makes capital punishment alright? Just because someone did something w rong, that doesn’t mean that person can legally be killed, as we are all human, and we all make mistakes. In the United States, 31 states allow this punishment (Sherman). Christopher Wilkins, Terry Darnell Edwards, and Rolando Ruiz are some of the manyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1939 Words   |  8 PagesThe death penalty is a serious problem that has the United States very divided. While there are many supporters of it, there is also a large amount of opposition. Currently, there are thirty three states where the death penalty is legal and seventeen states that have abolished it . I believe the death penalty should be legal throughout the nation. Crime is all around, Wherever we look we find criminals and crime. Criminals have become a part of peoples daily lives,Some criminals commit a crimeRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty948 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is something that a lot of people think about, but do people think about the Death Pe nalty? Having been given the death penalty means that someone is going to be put to death by a lethal injection or an electric chair; There are more ways, but the injection and the electric chair are the most used. There are many different opinions surrounding the idea of death penalties; which some people think the death penalty should be used more and some believe the complete opposite. There are two main

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Factors That Influence the Capital Structure Decision of...

ABSTRACT The capital structure decisions are influenced by various factors. Different researchers obtained different conclusions on what the important determinants of capital structure are. The main objective of this study is to ascertain the factors that significantly influence capital structure decisions. The factors tested are: The firm’s age, size, growth, tangibility, profitability, business risk and non-debt tax shield. From my analysis all these factors were found to be significant but at varying levels, with profitability and company growth as the most significant. TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv Table of Contents v CHAPTER 1. 1.0†¦show more content†¦The debt-equity capital structure also affects creditors because their security is enhanced when the company obtains financing from investor whose position is junior to them and vice-versa. Finally, this decision affects managers who may lose their jobs if they choose a capital structure that provides too little return or too much risk. The choice between equity and debt has no effect on the company and market value of its common stock in a perfect financial market with symmetric information; however, it may have an effect under other conditions. If use of debt affects cost of capital then an optimal capital structure exists. This is the mix of debt and equity that simultaneously maximizes a firm’s value and minimizes the overall cost of capital. From various studies carried out, there is still no clarity whether firm’s have target debt rations, Weston and Copeland (1988). Based on findings by Kamere (1987): stability of future cash flows, the level of interest rates, the firm’s asset structure, the firm’s tax advantage of debt and the maturity of debt are all important factors in deciding a firm’s capital structure. Other factors tested by Kamere were Age, which proved to have a very low correlation co-efficient of 0.1748 and Size of the firm, which also had a low co-efficient of 0.2727. The study is done with the factors that influence the capital structure decision of the management of public company. Omondi (1996)Show MoreRelatedCapital Structure Of A Firm1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe capital structure of a firm describes the way in which a firm raised capital needed to establish and expand its business activities. It is a mixture of various types of equity and debt capital a firm maintained resulting from the firms financing decisions. In one way or another, business activity must be financed. Without finance to support their fixed assets and working capital requirements, business could not exist. In all aspects of capital investment decision, the capital structure decisionRead MoreWhy Do Firms Choose Their Capital Structure?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesfinance those investments: with equity, debt or a combination of both (Myers, 2001). The study of capital structure tries to clarify this variety of securities and financing opportunities. In accounting terms, this decision is situated on the right-hand side of the balance sheet (Myers, 2001). In his Capital Structure Puzzle article, Myers (1984) poses the question â€Å"How do firms choose their capital structure?†. But even today, there is no right solution to this question. In the literature, there areRead MoreCapital Structure of a Firm Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesDoes the capital structure of a firm really matter? If so, how and why does it matter? Practitioners and scholars of corporate finance have debated these questions for several years and have found it difficult to come up with definitive answers. The classical work of Modigliani and Miller (1958) provided the impetus for what is now, orthodox corporate finance theory on the optimal capital structure of firms. They postulated that, in a perfect or frictionless capital market, the choice betwe en debtRead MoreCapital Structure Policies1538 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many important factors for our company to consider in making decisions relative to capital structure. Some of these factors relate to debt choices and reviewing performance results where volatility plays a role in making the decisions. Deciding what the proper capital structure policies are is vitally important, and directly affects our stockholders. Other considerations relate to the applicability of capital structure theories in making these key decisions, including evidence regardingRead MoreThe Effect Of Geography On Firm s Characteristics And Financial Decisions1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe capital structure, the location effect, and the peer effects literature. In the classical capital structure context, Fischer, Heinkel, and Zech-ner (1989) and Leland (1994), (1998), Hovakimian, Opler, and Titman (2001) show that firms periodically readjusts their capital structures toward a target ratio. Lemmon, Roberts, Zender (2008) show that the majority of changes in leverage ratio is caused â€Å"by an unobserved time-invariant effect that generates surprisingly stable capital structures.† LemmonRead MoreCorporate Finance1421 Words   |  6 Pagesis nothing like optimum capital structure for a firm. The Optimal Capital structure is that Capital Structure at which the weighted Average cost of capital (Ko) is Minimum. It is that combination of Equity and Debt at which the total cost of capital is mini-mum. Trade-off theory argues that there s an optimal amount of debt of each firm. At this level of debt, firms can take the most advantage of debts. Debts can be tax shield so that they can save money for firms to reinvest in other projectsRead MoreDifferent Variables and Situations That Influence Capital Financing Structure Decisions726 Words   |  3 Pagesthe corporation prefers to use debt and in which cases they prefer to use all equity in financial leverage and capital structure? What is better for the corporation Should they use all equity with zero debt? Or all debt? Or both? Which is better for investors to maximize their wealth? The number of different variables and situations that influence capital financing structure decisions are far too numerous and complex to list here, but essentially a company should continually assess the cost of debtRead MoreOptimal Capital Structure and Stock Price835 Words   |  3 Pageshave to understand optimal capital structure is maximizes a firm’s stock price, and the target capital structure is mix of the debt, preferred stock, and common equity the firm wants to have (Eugene and Joel 2009). The capital structure is also showing how a firm use different sources of funds to finances its overall operations and growth the stock price. Capital structure shows that how a firm’s assets have been established debt and equity, it is very important in a firm, because it is related toRead MoreCost of Capital1479 Words   |  6 PagesCost of Capital Definition: cost of capital is the rate of return that a company must earn on its project investments to maintain its market value and attract funds. The cost of capital to a company is the minimum rate of return that is must earn on its investments in order to satisfy the various categories of investors, who have made investments in the form of shares , debentures and loans. The cost of capital in operational terms refers to the discount rate that would be used in determining theRead MoreCapital Strength Of A Business Organization1114 Words   |  5 Pages5021 0.3983 1 MV 0.2691 0.3949 0.5627 -0.082 0.1105 0.4074 0.2416 -0.402 -0.04 1 CAR -0.189 0.0092 -0.135 0.0886 -0.219 0.0579 -0.249 -0.008 -0.449 -0.086 1 1. Capital strength: The usage of fixed assets is usually similar to the idea of functioning leverage, also known as assets intensity; this indicates that increase in the capital strength of the business organisation increases the risk of inconsistent future earnings. The main aims of the top level management in this scenario are to gain maximum

Change Management Through Transformation

Question: Discuss about the Change Management Through Transformation. Answer: Introduction The company Nike Inc. was founded in the year 1964 as an importer of Japanese shoes by Blue Bowerman and Phil knight in 1968(10-K, 2014). It was an initiative of a Japanese firm called Onitsuka Tiger Co for which collaborated with Nike and created a firm named Blue ribbon sports (BRS). BRS opened its first plant in U.S. in 1971. With this, Nike expanded its products range adding a variety of sports shoes, apparels, and equipments yet the strongest of these three SBUs is ts footwear division which makes 35% of the market share. 13% is the share of apparels. By providing quality and diversity in products, Nike has become a global leader in sportswear. The companys global market share is 2% (Euromonitor, 2011) which made Nike the largest apparel and Footwear Company in 2014. Mission and Vision Mission: The companys mission statement represents their strategic approach to be a global leader in footwear, apparels, and equipment market. The mission statement of Nike as declared officially is To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. (Smithson, 2016)As stated by it founder Bill Bowerman, If you have a body, you are an athlete. Their slogans like Just do it promote a winning attitude and inspires customers. Their product diversification helps pull in wide range of customers justifying their every athlete in world strategy. Vision: Corporate responsibility is no longer a staff function at Nike. Its a design function, a sourcing function, a consumer experience function, part of how we operate---says Nike CEO, Mark Parker. The statement reflects upon the companys inclination towards corporate social responsibility. The company has not published any vision statement for company but it has a vision for CSR which is to help NIKE, Inc. and our consumers thrive in a sustainable economy where people, profit, and planet are in balance. (Smithson, 2016). Nike is concerned about sustainability and quality necessary to promote business benefits to every customer. The overall culture of Nike promotes a nonprofit orientation. The directed mission statement and nonprofit orientation have helped NIKE gain the trust of its customers leading to expansion across geographies rapidly since incorporation. The company which started in the US now has over 700 shops worldwide with 254 in the United States alone. Its quality and strategic approach have helped it to diversify in various geographical locations. The following graph shows its revenue breakdown across different geographies. General Enviornment The major factors that form a business environment of a company include its Competitors, Technology, Customers, Suppliers and Economy. Competitors : The biggest threat to NIKE is its competitors, ADIDAS and PUMA.In spite, Nike being ahead of Adidas in 2010 (Euromonitor, 2011). It still stands ahead in competition. To beat its competitors, NIKE works to get control over the market by product diversification, use of technology and increasing its offerings in terms of prices. Technology: Not only the quality competitors but also the other fake brands are now causing threat as they are using technology as the tool to promote too. Nike has to stay updated with the technology trends like online services or innovative technology in apparels and shoes like sensors to predict health. Customers: The brand perception is important. There is a need that they get repetitive customers and customers always choose NIKE over the competition. They have to make their customers feel premium. Suppliers: All the manufacturing at NIKE does not happen in house so NIKE has to take care of the quality of suppliers and supply chain management. Economy: The economy plays an important role. Being a manufacturer, NIKEs business is largely impacted by economic fluctuations. The downward swing of the economy leads to an increase in suppliers prices. The bad economy affects the sale of goods especially sports as it does not come under basic need of customers. The positive side is, the variation in the global economy has not affected the spending of customers especially on food and retail. It has in fact increased to $447billion from $437billion In America, between September 2014 and September 2015(Lee, 2015).This positive trend explains the need of customers which is expected to increasing in coming years. If NIKE takes proper measures to understand the response of people to the economy fluctuations through continuous surveys and customer feedback, it can work on the strategy to still be a leader in the market. Its revenue also depends on its growth not only in sportswear but also in other SBUs. It can also look for investment a s sponsorships to Football leagues or other such events which will attract more customers and a balance will be maintained. Focusing on new technology trends, and expansion in youth-oriented verticals like music, NIKE can maintain its leadership. Corporate social responsibility As mentioned earlier the vision statement of NIKE itself is not profit oriented. It has been concentrating on its CSR activities for long just as most other companies do. In a 2008 Economists online survey of 1,192 global executives, the companies gave priority to CSR was 55% which increased to 70 percent by 2010. (Kash Rangan, 2012). According to the research of VIssel Tolhurst, including CSR in planning not only brings benefits to the company but also proves advantageous to economic development by giving businesses more decisive roles across levels of society. The major advantages of having a CSR culture in the organization is, Have positive impact on Community Help support public Value outcome Support being an employer Promotes Professional and Personal development Enhance relationship with clients More than just donating money CSR is about contributing to the welfare of society and operating more ethically and transparently. To avoid Corruption, avoid Bribery at all levels and leads to sustainable production over the long term it is important to follow ethics and have an environment of social responsibility in a company. Setting labor standards helps in smooth functioning of the whole chain. Along with CSR, ethics play an important role in the organization. Organization is made of people and people operate on emotions. It is the ethics o the organization which is a critical driver of the company as a brand, as a leader and as an employer. The decisions made at a lower level or higher level is influenced by the code of ethics in an overall organization. The right kind of ethics can have direct benefits like, Generating more customers, boosting sales and improving overall brand image which helps in long term relations. (Cadbury, 2002) Improve productivity by retaining employees in the company by reducing recruitment of new workforce and training them again. (Cadbury, 2002) Attract talent to work with. Attract funds from banks or investors to maintain financial stability in the company. (Cadbury, 2002) An unethical culture can damage the brand image and affects overall operations, customers, investors and future growth of the company. Nikes culture Culture is how organizations do the things----Robbie Katanga (Michael Watkins, 2013) Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs, which governs how people behave in organizations. These shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress, act, and perform their jobs. There can be four types of Organizational culture as described below: The basis of this type of culture is Collaboration. The managers and employees are a part of a big family who is actively involved in all activities of the organization. Here, the leaders are more like mentors rather than bosses and the teams are bound by traditions and commitments. The core values are teamwork, communication, and commitment. It focuses on building respectful relationships with teammates, clients, and .customers. The root f this culture is promoting creativity. The employees are encouraged to innovate, manage teams, take risks and bring out their entrepreneurial skills. This culture gives freedom to employees to experiment, fail, learn and improve. The core of this culture lies in moving and changing fast. This culture is result oriented and the leaders are more demanding. The culture demands results. The team is united by a common agenda to succeed and compete with rivals. The core drivers are market share and profitability. The culture is more rigorous to achieve the goals. This culture is based on formal values. It follows some strict procedures for operations in the company. The culture focuses on consistency and uniformity. It is dependent on monitoring ad coordination which ultimately emphasizes on efficiency and predictability. The companies generally adopt the combination of all four which is termed as Corporate Culture. Corporate culture refers to the beliefs and behaviors that determine how a company's employees and management interact and handle outside business transactions. Often, corporate culture is implied, not expressly defined, and develops organically over time from the cumulative traits of the people the company hires. Nike has a culture that encourages employees to behave in ways that are in coherence to NIKEs business objectives. Training programs are designed to maintain such corporate culture that aligns with the brand image of NIKE for sports footwear, apparel, and equipment. NIKEs employees are given instructions on how to work with their customers and colleagues to maintain healthy relations with them. The main drivers of companys culture are Promoting Innovation, Dynamic workforce, and collaboration. My fitness to the organizational culture of Nike I personally believe in freedom of thoughts, freedom to experiment and apply my learnings to whatever job I do. Since I am a commitment oriented person I always believe in a collaborative environment and delivering concrete results. Being good at my leadership (Linda, 2006) qualities, I like to take up challenges, manage teams and work with them to achieve the desired outcome. Observing the overall culture of the company which takes care of its employees and encourages innovation and learning through various training sessions. I believe I can utilize my current skills and adapt very well to the companys culture. Being a people oriented culture, I can find myself fit as I too believe in working for people and customers would be at the forefront in my mind while dealing in the business. I have always been a active participant in social and cultural gathering as I love to interact with people so if a culture would promote that, I would be able to perform better in team work as well as enjoy my work. I am not a person who can stick to routines but would like to practice creativity. Innovation is another aspect that the company encourages a lot and me being an experimenter and appreciator as well as preacher of creativity and innovation, I would be able to enjoy working in the company and would exercise the freedom to bring out my own ideas. I also found that learning is encouraged in the company and I being a passionate learner who keep reading and updating myself, I would be very keen and active participant in the learning programs such that I would be able to make the best use of the learning obtained in the company. Another aspect that I found would make me an appropriate fit in the company is its appreciation for corporate social responsibility. Being focused on CSR, the company would require those people to work for it who understand the aspects of sustainability and can feel for the environment such that they work towards the social and environment betterment. I have been an active participant of environmental welfare programs like marathon races for nature, nature trails, cleanliness drives, and more. Thus, I understand the concepts of CSR and would work sincerely to ensure that environment is not harmed in any way by my actions. My keenness to work in an environment friendly way would also help the company to be ensure its alignment with its sustainability aspects. Conclusion The report analyzed NIKEs business with respect to its culture, business environment and corporate social responsibility. It involved analysis of the organizations environment and the impact of its factors like economic variations on the operations of the company. It was found while studying the external environment that the company has ADIDAS and PUMA as its major competitors in the sport shoes space yet it is ahead of Adidas. It was found that the company encourages employees to practice norms that are in line with the goals of the organization. Finally, I explained how I can fit into the culture of the company and illustrated how I make the right fit for the company. References Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A Review, 2006 The Pennsylvania State University CHANGE MANAGEMENT THROUGH TRANSFORMATION, 2014 Australian Bureau of Statistics Corporate Social Responsibility: new context, new approaches and new applications, 2010 Leeds Business School Environmental Strategic Analysis, 2012 NIKE, Inc Harrison, S. (1997). CSR - Linking behaviour with reputation. London, Thomson: P. J. Kitchen. Heath, R. L. (2001). Handbook of public relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Nike Foundation. (2011). Investing in the Girl Effect: the most powerful force for change. Retrieved Jan 11, 2017, from https://www.nikefoundation.org/ Organizational Culture Types as Predictors of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2009 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS 90-99 Understanding and Managing Organisational Culture, 2008 Ireland CPMR What is the core of NIKEs philosophy?, 2007 NIKE, Inc Why Every Company Needs a Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy Towards Institution Building?2014Indian Journal of Applied Research89-91 Why Every Company Needs a CSR Strategy and How to Build It, 2011 Harvard Business School